Physiological and biochemical regulation of Valeriana jatamansi Jones under water stress.

Understanding the physiological and biochemical regulations in a medicinal plant under stress environments is essential. Here, the effect of water stress such as flooding and water deficit [80% (control), 60%, 40%, 20% field capacity (FC)] conditions on Valeriana jatamansi was studied. Both types of water stresses retarded the plant growth and biomass. Photosynthetic pigments were reduced with maximum reduction under flood stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence study revealed distinct attributes under applied stresses. Better performance index (PI) of flood-grown plants (than 20% and 40% FC) and higher relative fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd) in 40% FC and flood-grown plants than that of control plants, indicated the adaptation ability of plants under water deficit (40% FC) and flood stress. Reduction in net photosynthetic rate was lesser in flood stress (40.92%) compared to drought stress (73.92% at 20% FC). Accumulation of starch was also decreased (61.1% at 20% FC) under drought stress, while it was increased (24.59%) in flood stress. The effect of water stress was also evident with modulation in H2O2 content and membrane damage. Differential modulation of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (valtrate, acevaltrate and hydroxyl valerenic acid) and expression of iridoid biosynthetic genes under water stress was also revealed. The present study demonstrated the distinct effect of drought and flood stress on V. jatamansi plants, and drought [20% FC] caused severe loss and more damage than flood stress. Therefore, severe drought should be avoided during cultivation of V. jatamansi and regulated water stress-applications have potential for modulation of biosynthesis of specific secondary metabolites.

New Iridoids and Acyclic Monoterpenoids from the Roots and Rhizomes of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia.

Five new iridoids, valeralides A-E (1-5), two new acyclic monoterpenoids, valeralides F (6) and G (7), together with two known iridoids (8 and 9), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia. Their structures were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR, as well as HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of compounds 1-4 were elucidated based on electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. In addition, all the isolates were evaluated for their inhibition on nitric oxide production, cytotoxicity and anti-influenza A virus activity.

Exploring In-Silico, In-Vitro Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Potential of Valerian wallichii by On Cervical Epithelial Carcinoma (HeLa) Cell Lines.

Traditional medicinal practices often utilize herbal remedies for treating various diseases. This study focuses on exploring the phytochemical constituents, in-silico, in-vitro antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Valerian wallichii root extracts on human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines. The molecular docking approach was employed to predict the ligand molecule's orientation within the receptor like Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain (PDB ID: 1M17) using Schrodinger's GLIDE model. Among the selected phytocompounds, hesperidin exhibited promising inhibitory activity against EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) domain with -8.701 kcal/mol docking score and interactions with MET 769, ASP 831, ASP776, LEU694 and ASN818 residues as compared to standard doxorubicin with -7.6 kcal/mol docking score and interactions with ASP 831, ASN818 and ASP776 residues and further, various antioxidant activity was assessed and In-vitro anticancer activity against HeLa cell lines was evaluated by hydroalcoholic root extracts demonstrated antioxidant capacities, and selective cytotoxicity was observed, with IC50 : 45.759±0.42 µg/mL for the overall extract and IC50 : 30.245±0.58 µg/mL for the EAF fraction as compared to standard doxorubicin with IC50 : 25.9891±0.25 µg/mL, respectively. The present study concluded that Valerian wallichii L possesses potential human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line inhibition properties based on the computer aided drug design models and in-vitro activity.

Eighteen iridoids from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi and their protective effects against α-hemolysin.

Thirteen previously undescribed iridoids (1-13), together with five known iridoids (14-18) were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by analysis of MS, NMR, optical rotation and their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. All of the isolated compounds were tested for their protective effects against α-hemolysin-induced cell death in A549 cells. Compounds 14, 16 and 17 showed moderate protective effects, and compounds 15 and 18 showed weak protective effects.

Standardized Extract of Valeriana officinalis Improves Overall Sleep Quality in Human Subjects with Sleep Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep deficit or poor sleep leads to ill-health, whereas sleep deprivation for longer periods of time increases the risk of developing adverse conditions associated with poor quality of life, and high socioeconomic impact. The treatments for sleep disturbances include melatonin and over-the-counter medicines like diphenhydramine and doxylamine, all of which have negative side effects. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) is a traditional herb and the most preferred alternate sleep solution to manage sleep complaints. METHODS: Eighty adult subjects with sleep complaints were randomized in 1:1 ratio to receive either V. officinalis extract (VE) or placebo for 8 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, clinical study. Primary efficacy endpoints included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep latency using wrist actigraphy (WA), as well as a number of secondary endpoints, including sleep parameters such as actual sleep time and sleep efficiency using WA, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for the feeling of waking up refreshed, and a tertiary endpoint of sleep parameters using polysomnography (PSG) in a subset of 20 subjects per group. Safety parameters included physical examination, vital sign measurements, hematology, and clinical chemistry tests. Adverse events and serious adverse events were monitored throughout the study period. RESULTS: Seventy-two subjects (35 and 37 subjects in the placebo and VE groups, respectively) completed the study and were included in the efficacy assessments. On Days 14, 28, and 56, the PSQI Total Score in the VE group decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the placebo group. Further, the VE group showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in sleep latency and actual sleep time on Days 3, 14, 28, and 56, and sleep efficiency on Days 14, 28, and 56, as evaluated by WA. There was a decrease (p < 0.05) in anxiety (BAI) on Days 14, 28, and 56, daytime drowsiness (ESS) on Days 28 and 56, and an increased feeling of waking up refreshed (VAS) on Days 28 and 56 compared to placebo. PSG results carried out in subset of subjects revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in total sleep time, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency on Day 56 in the VE group compared to the placebo group. No safety concerns were observed throughout the study. CONCLUSION: VE supplementation significantly improved various subjective and objective parameters of sleep in young subjects with mild insomnia symptoms, such as overall sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and total sleep time. We also observed decreased anxiety and daytime sleepiness, and improved feeling of being refreshed after waking up with VE supplementation. VE was found to be safe and well tolerated throughout the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry of India: CTRI/2022/05/042818.

Iridoids and other constituents from the leaves and stems of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia.

Fifty-nine compounds, including nineteen previously undescribed iridoids (valeriananols A-S) and an undescribed alkaloid (5'-isovaleryl uridine), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia. Their structures were elucidated based on Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configuration of valeriananols A-C, E-N, P, Q and S was determined by experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism. Structurally, valeriananols A and B were two 1,3-seco-iridoids with a 3,6-epoxy moiety, valeriananols K and L were a pair of C-4 epimers, while valeriananol S was a 4'-deoxy iridoid glycoside. In addition, valeriananol P, stenopterin A and patriscabioin C exhibited significant inhibition on nitric oxide production with IC50 values of 10.31, 3.93 and 8.69 µM, respectively. Furthermore, stenopterin A and patriscabioin C showed anti-proliferation activity on the MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values of 17.28 and 13.89 µM, respectively.

Simultaneously characterization of multiple constituents in Valeriana jatamansi Jones using an online supercritical fluid extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography/supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry system.

Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, boasting rich effective compositions with versatile chemical structures and wide polarity, including iridoids, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids. Previous reports indicate that conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical methods have proven inefficient performance in comprehensively characterizing components in Valeriana jatamansi. In the present study, a hybrid online analytical platform combining supercritical fluid extraction with both conventional HPLC separation (reverse phase) and supercritical fluid chromatography (normal phase) has been established and validated. This system can provide online extraction with two different chromatographic separation modes to increase separation ability and has been connected to a mass spectrometer to acquire high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Then, the online platform was applied to screening components in Valeriana jatamansi. A total of 117 compounds were identified, including five lignans, 18 organic acids, six flavonoids, and 88 iridoids. Thirty-three compounds were reported from Valeriana jatamansi for the first time. These results enrich our understanding of the components of Valeriana jatamansi and prove that the developed online platform in this study is a robust approach for accelerating working efficiency in comprehensively analyzing complicated samples.

Mechanism of Valeriana Jatamansi Jones for the treatment of spinal cord injury based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by high rates of disability and death. Valeriana jatamansi Jones (VJJ), a Chinese herbal medicine, has been identified to improve motor function recovery in rats with SCI. The study aimed to analyze the potential molecular mechanisms of action of VJJ in the treatment of SCI. The main ingredients of VJJ were obtained from the literature and the SwissADME platform was used to screen the active ingredients. The Swiss TargetPrediction platform was used to predict the targets of VJJ, and the targets of SCI were obtained from the GeneCards and OMIM databases. The intersecting genes were considered potential targets of VJJ in SCI. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database and the hub genes of VJJ for SCI treatment were screened according to their degree values. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed using the Metascape database. Cytoscape software was used to construct the "herb-ingredient-target-pathway" network. Preliminary validation was performed using molecular docking via Auto Dock Vina software. A total of 56 active ingredients of VJJ, mainly iridoids, were identified. There were 1493 GO items (P < .01) and 173 signaling pathways (P < .01) obtained from GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment, including the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway, and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway. Molecular docking revealed that 12 hub genes enriched in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway had a high binding affinity for the active ingredient of VJJ. VJJ may exert its therapeutic effects on SCI through the iridoid fraction, acting on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, CASP3, AKT1, tumor necrosis factor, mammalian target of rapamycin, interleukin 6, and other hub genes, which may be related to the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Complete genome sequence analysis of Valeriana jatamansi tymovirus 1: a novel member of the genus Tymovirus infecting Valeriana jatamansi Jones.

A new positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, tentatively named "Valeriana jatamansi tymovirus 1" (VaJV1, OQ730267), was isolated from Valeriana jatamansi Jones displaying symptoms of vein-clearing in Yunnan Province, China. The complete genome of VaJV1 consists of 6,215 nucleotides and contains three open reading frames (ORFs). The genome structure of VaJV1 is typical of members of the genus Tymovirus. BLASTn analysis and multiple sequence alignments showed that the complete genome and coat protein of VaJV1 shared the most sequence similarity (65.5% nucleotides and 50.5% amino acid sequence identity) with an isolate of the tymovirus okra mosaic virus (NC_009532). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that VaJV1 clustered most closely with other tymoviruses. We propose that Valeriana jatamansi tymovirus 1 represents a new species within the genus Tymovirus.

Neuroprotective Iridoids and Lignans from Valeriana amurensis.

Valeriana amurensis (V. amurensis) is widely distributed in Northeast China. In addition to medicines, it has also been used to prepare food, wine, tobacco, cosmetics, perfume, and functional foods. Other studies have investigated the neuroprotective effects of V. amurensis extract. As the therapeutic basis, the active constituents should be further evaluated. In this paper, six new compounds (1-6) were isolated, including five iridoids (Xiecaoiridoidside A-E) and one bisepoxylignan (Xiecaolignanside A), as well as six known compounds (7-12). The neuroprotective effects of 1-12 were also investigated with amyloid ß protein 1-42 (Aß1-42)-induced injury to rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. As a result, iridoids 1 and 2 and lignans 6, 8, and 9 could markedly maintain the cells' viability by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay.

Antimicrobial activity of AgNO3 nanoparticles synthesized using Valeriana wallichii against ESKAPE pathogens.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant ESKAPE infections has emerged as a serious public health threat. Nosocomial infections are most often caused by ESKAPE bacteria. To combat multidrug-resistant ESKAPE, the research team used Valeriana Wallichii extracts and nanoparticles. The well diffusion technique was used to test antimicrobial activity on Muller Hinton agar medium. The FTIR, SEM and XRD techniques were used to characterize the nanoparticles synthesized in an environmentally benign manner. Both NPs performed better than extracts made with methanol and water in this investigation. The smallest zones of inhibition were shown against A. baumannii and Enterobacter cloacae, whereas the largest zones of inhibition were seen against E. faecium. However, NPs synthesized from shoot extracts exhibited remarkable effects against all MDR ESKAPE infections, with zones of inhibition of 23, 20, 12, 18, 22 and 14mm, respectively. Although E. faecium. had the largest inhibitory zone in both methanolic root and shoot extracts (19mm and 22mm, respectively), K. pneumonia and E. cloacae had the smallest zones when tested with these solvents. Water-based extracts inactivated multidrug-resistant bacteria. Our research show that extracts and nanoparticles have stronger antibacterial efficiency because biologically active substances including Terpenoids, Alkaloids, Phenol and Pholobutannins affect people and microbe.

Chemical Structures and Anti-proliferative Effects of Valeriana fauriei Constituents on Cancer Stem Cells.

We isolated the new sesquiterpenes, valerianaterpenes IV and V, and the new lignans valerianalignans I-III from the methanol extracts of the rhizomes and roots of Valeriana fauriei and elucidated their structures based on chemical and spectroscopic findings. The absolute configuration of valerianaterpene IV and valerianalignans I-III were established by comparing experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Among the isolated compounds, valerianalignans I and II exerted anti-proliferative activity against human astrocytoma cells (U-251 MG) and their cancer stem cells (U-251 MG CSCs). Interestingly, valerianalignans I and II notably exerted anti-proliferative activities at lower concentrations against CSCs than non-CSCs, and the absolute configurations of these compounds affected their activities.

Therapeutic Effects of Valeriana jatamansi on Ulcerative Colitis: Insights into Mechanisms of Action through Metabolomics and Microbiome Analysis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC), belonging to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, which has not been completely cured in patients so far. Valeriana jatamansi is a Chinese medicine used clinically to treat "diarrhea," which is closely related to UC. This study was to elucidate the therapeutic effects of V. jatamansi extract (VJE) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC in mice and its underlying mechanism. In this work, VJE effectively ameliorates the symptoms and histopathological scores and reduces the production of inflammatory factors in UC mice. The colon untargeted metabolomics analysis and 16S rDNA sequencing showed remarkable differences in colon metabolite profiles and intestinal microbiome composition between the control and DSS groups, and VJE intervention can reduce these differences. Thirty-two biomarkers were found and modulated the primary pathways including pyrimidine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, twelve significant taxa of gut microbiota were found. Moreover, there is a close relationship between endogenous metabolites and intestinal flora. These findings suggested that VJE ameliorates UC by inhibiting inflammatory factors, recovering intestinal maladjustment, and regulating the interaction between intestinal microbiota and host metabolites. Therefore, the intervention of V. jatamansi is a potential therapeutic treatment for UC.

Comparative assessment of morphological, physiological and phytochemical attributes of cultivated Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Uttarakhand, West Himalaya.

Medicinal plants are global sources of herbal products, drugs, and cosmetics. They are disappearing rapidly due to anthropogenic pressure, overexploitation, unsustainable harvesting, lack of knowledge on cultivation, and the availability of quality plating materials. In this context, standardized in-vitro propagation protocol was followed to produce Valeriana jatamansi Jones, and transferred in two locations at Kosi-Katarmal (GBP) Almora (1200 masl) and Sri Narayan Ashram (SNA) Pithoragarh (Altitude 2750 masl), Uttarakhand. Over the three years of growth, plants were gathered from both locations for determining biochemical and physiological parameters, and growth performance. The plants growing at Sri Narayan Ashram (SNA) showed considerably (p < 0.05) higher amounts of polyphenolics, antioxidant activities, and phenolic compounds. Similarly, physiological parameters (transpiration 0.004 mol m-2 s-1; photosynthesis 8.20 µmol m-2 s-1; stomatal conductance 0.24 mol m-2 s-1), plant growth performance (leaves number 40, roots number 30, root length 14 cm) and soil attributes (total nitrogen 9.30; potassium 0.025; phosphorus 0.34 mg/g, respectively) were found best in the SNA as compared to GBP. In addition, moderate polar solvent (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol) was found suitable for extracting higher bioactive constituents from plants. The findings from this study revealed that large-scale cultivation of V. jatamansi should promote at higher elevation areas such as Sri Narayan Ashram to harness the maximum potential of the species. Such a protective approach with the right interventions will be helpful to provide livelihood security to the local populace along with quality material for commercial cultivation. This can fulfill the demand through regular supply of raw material to the industries and simultaneously promote their conservation.

Comparison the effect of valerian and gabapentin on RLS and sleep quality in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare the effect of valerian and gabapentin on restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep quality in HD patients. METHODS: In this cross over clinical trial study, 40 HD patients allocated into a valerian and gabapentin group. In the first phase of the study, Group A received valerian and Group B received gabapentin 1 h before bedtime for 1 month. In the second phase, the two groups' treatment regimen was swapped. After a 1-month washout period, the same process was repeated on the crossover groups. RESULTS: After the first phase, the mean score of RLS was lower in the gabapentin group. But there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep quality score before and after the first and second interventions. CONCLUSION: Gabapentin is more effective than valerian in improving RLS, but both are equally effective in improving sleep quality.

Intestinal permeability and gut microbiota interactions of pharmacologically active compounds in valerian and St. John's wort.

Phytomedicines such as valerian and St. John's wort are widely used for the treatment of sleeping disorders, anxiety and mild depression. They are perceived as safe alternatives to synthetic drugs, but limited information is available on the intestinal absorption and interaction with human intestinal microbiota of pharmacologically relevant constituents valerenic acid in valerian, and hyperforin and hypericin in St. John's wort. The intestinal permeability of these compounds and the antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs citalopram and diazepam was investigated in the Caco-2 cell model with bidirectional transport experiments. In addition, interaction of compounds and herbal extracts with intestinal microbiota was evaluated in artificial human gut microbiota. Microbiota-mediated metabolisation of compounds was assessed, and bacterial viability and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production were measured in the presence of compounds or herbal extracts. Valerenic acid and hyperforin were highly permeable in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Hypericin showed low-to-moderate permeability. An active transport process was potentially involved in the transfer of valerenic acid. Hyperforin and hypericin were mainly transported through passive transcellular diffusion. All compounds were not metabolized over 24 h in the artificial gut microbiota. Microbial SCFA production and bacterial viability was not substantially impaired nor promoted by exposure to the compounds or herbal extracts.

Valtrate, an iridoid compound in Valeriana, elicits anti-glioblastoma activity through inhibition of the PDGFRA/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Valtrate, a natural compound isolated from the root of Valeriana, exhibits antitumor activity in many cancers through different mechanisms. However, its efficacy for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), a tumor type with a poor prognosis, has not yet been rigorously investigated. METHODS: GBM cell lines were treated with valtrate and CCK-8, colony formation and EdU assays, flow cytometry, and transwell, 3D tumor spheroid invasion and GBM-brain organoid co-culture invasion assays were performed to assess properties of proliferation, viability, apoptosis and invasion/migration. RNA sequencing analysis on valtrate-treated cells was performed to identify putative target genes underlying the antitumor activity of the drug in GBM cells. Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate protein levels in valtrate-treated cell lines and in samples obtained from orthotopic xenografts. A specific activator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was used to identify the pathways mediating the effect. RESULTS: Valtrate significantly inhibited the proliferation of GBM cells in vitro by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis and suppressed invasion and migration of GBM cells by inhibiting levels of proteins associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). RNA sequencing analysis of valtrate-treated GBM cells revealed platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) as a potential target downregulated by the drug. Analysis of PDGFRA protein and downstream mediators demonstrated that valtrate inhibited PDGFRA/MEK/ERK signaling. Finally, treatment of tumor-bearing nude mice with valtrate led to decreased tumor volume (fivefold difference at day 28) and enhanced survival (day 27 vs day 36, control vs valtrate-treated) relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our study demonstrated that the natural product valtrate elicits antitumor activity in GBM cells through targeting PDGFRA and thus provides a candidate therapeutic compound for the treatment of GBM.

Chitosan based encapsulation of Valeriana officinalis essential oil as edible coating for inhibition of fungi and aflatoxin B1 contamination, nutritional quality improvement, and shelf life extension of Citrus sinensis fruits.

In this study, a novel chitosan nanoemulsion coating embedded with Valeriana officinalis essential oil (Ne-VOEO) was synthesized in order to improve the postharvest quality of Citrus sinensis fruits against infesting fungi, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated nutritional deterioration. The developed nanoemulsion was characterized through SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DLS analyses. The nanoemulsion showed controlled delivery of VOEO responsible for effective inhibition of Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. versicolor, Penicillium italicum, and Fusarium oxysporum growth at 6.5, 5.0, 4.0, 5.5, and 3.5 µL/mL, respectively and AFB1 production at 5.0 µL/mL. The biochemical and molecular mechanism of aflatoxigenic A. flavus inhibition, and AFB1 diminution was associated with impairment in ergosterol biosynthesis, methylglyoxal production, and stereo-spatial binding of valerianol in the cavity of Ver-1 protein. During in vivo investigation, Ne-VOEO coating potentially restrained the weight loss, and respiratory rate of C. sinensis fruits with delayed degradation of soluble solids, titrable acidity, pH, and phenolic contents along with maintenance of SOD, CAT, APX activities (p < 0.05) and sensory attributes under specific storage conditions. Based on overall findings, Ne-VOEO nanoemulsion could be recommended as green, and smart antifungal coating agent in prolonging the shelf-life of stored fruits with enhanced AFB1 mitigation.

Secondary metabolites from the underground parts of Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl. and their in vitro cytotoxic activities.

Cytotoxic activity-guided isolation studies on the underground parts of Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl. led to the isolation of 12 secondary metabolites including two undescribed iridoids, sisymbriifolivaltrate and sisymbriifolioside, and two unreported sesquiterpene lactones, sisymbriifolins A and B. Chemical structures of the isolates were established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR analyses as well as HR-ESI-MS. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the extract, sub-fractions and isolates on lung (A549), breast (MCF7), gastric (HGC27) and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines were evaluated by MTS assay. Sisymbriifolivaltrate, didrovaltrate, valtrate, 7-homovaltrate and 1-α-acevaltrate exhibited promising cytotoxic activity on MCF7 cell line with IC50 values ranging from 2.5 to 12.3 µM, while valtrate demonstrated the best cytotoxicity against A549 cells with the IC50 value of 7.5 µM. Valtrate and 7-homovaltrate were found to exert noteworthy cytotoxicity towards HGC27 cell line (IC50 values: 2.3 and 3.7 µM, respectively), whereas valtrate, 7-homovaltrate and 1-α-acevaltrate (IC50 values: 2.3-9.7 µM) were found to be potent cytotoxic against PC3 cells. Among the tested compounds, particularly valepotriate-type iridoids were found to be the main cytotoxic principles of V. sisymbriifolia.

A new acylated iridoid and other chemical constituents from Valeriana jatamansi and their biological activities.

A new acylated iridoid, valejatadoid H (1), along with fourteen known compounds, were obtained from the n-BuOH extract of the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi, and their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods. Among them, compounds 8, 11 and 13 exhibited potent inhibition on NO production, with IC50 values of 4.21, 6.08 and 20.36 µM, respectively. In addition, compounds 14 and 15 showed anti-influenza virus activities, among which compound 14 exhibited significant effect with an IC50 value of 0.99 µM.